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This article is about the modern milling machine. For historical mills that used trip hammers, see Hammer mill
For the paper manufacturer, see Hammermill Paper Company
Hammer mill for milling grainA hammer mill is a mill whose purpose is to shred or crush aggregate material into smaller pieces by the repeated blows of small hammers. These machines have numerous industrial applications, including:
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The basic principle is straightforward. A hammer mill is essentially a steel drum containing a vertical or horizontal rotating shaft or drum on which hammers are mounted. The hammers are free to swing on the ends of the cross, or fixed to the central rotor. The rotor is spun at a high speed inside the drum while material is fed into a feed hopper. The material is impacted by the hammer bars and is thereby shredded and expelled through screens in the drum of a selected size.
Hammer mill apple shredder for juicing.The hammermill can be used as a primary, secondary, or tertiary crusher.
Small grain hammermills can be operated on household current. Large hammer mills used in automobile shredders may be driven by diesel or electric motors ranging from to over horsepower (1.5 - 3.7MW).
The screenless hammer mill uses air flow to separate small particles from larger ones. It is designed to be more reliable, and is also claimed to be much cheaper and more energy efficient than regular hammermills. The design & structure of the hammermill is always determined by the end use.
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Water-powered trip hammer mills were created in 488 AD by the medieval Chinese mathematician and engineer Zu Chongzhi which was inspected by Emperor Wu of Southern Qi (r. 482'493 AD).[1][2][3] The water-powered trip hammer mills were powered by minor hill flowing stream that was connected to a large river beneath the high banks.[4]
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Types of Hammer Mill Crushers can include "up running" and "down running" hammer mills - [5]
Based on the director of the motor the hammer mills are classified into the following types:
Although the mills are classified into the above two different types their working and grinding actions of both these types of mill are almost similar. However, their construction differs in various respects. [6]
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A car crusher is an industrial device used to reduce the dimensions of derelict (depreciated) cars prior to transport for recycling.
A Ford van being crushed in St. Louis, Missouri a blue s Lincoln Town Car after crushingHistorically, because scrap cars were too big and bulky to transport to the sites that turned them into reusable material, and the cost to transport them was uneconomical because, at times, it would cost more to send it than the car was worth, because transportation costs were determined by weight. Since uncrushed cars were less dense and took up more space, even for a short haul, the scrap cars were worth less than it cost to deliver them.
An SUV being crushed by a grapple craneCars can be crushed either dropping heavy weights onto them, using an excavator bucket or mechanical grab, but these rudimentary means can be time consuming and produces inconsistent scrap sizes. By contrast, having a dedicated car crushing machine speeds up the compacting process and results in more uniform scrap bundles.
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Car crushers are essentially a type of hydraulic compactor and subdivide into two basic types; the pancake crusher where the vehicle is flattened vertically into a slab, or the baler which crushes and compresses the vehicle from several directions into a dense rectangular cube or 'bale'.
Both types can be mounted onto a semi trailer - the transportable mobile car crusher - to allow it to crush and collect vehicles from multiple junkyards who do not own their own machine.
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Shredding machines also have a crushing action which will reduce the height of the vehicle before it is finally pulverised into fragments by spinning rotors.
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One of the first car crushing machines was invented by Allen B. Sharp and Richard A. Hull, both assignors to Al-Jon Incorporated located in Ottumwa, Iowa. The patent for the machine was filed on March 22, , and patented on August 16, . This United States Patent was primarily examined by Walter A. Scheel.[1]
With this car crushing machine, a car is fed through a hydraulically powered jaw and is slowly flattened as it goes through, similar to how a pasta machine flattens pasta dough. The car scraps are flattened into dimensions of six inches tall by five to six feet wide, similar to the length of its original size. The design of this machine is meant to be portable so it can move to anywhere cars have been gathered by being within the legal size of highway transport. The machine can be operated by a single person.
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The mobile car crusher was invented by Charlie Roy Hall in the city of Wadley, Georgia in the year and was patented on August 12, . The primary examiner of this United States patent was Stephen F. Gerrity.[2] As a condensed version of a standard car crusher, a mobile car crusher has a smaller opening with lower output, so it can crush only smaller sized, C-class cars. This machine is mobile as a result of its dual functions: a travel mode for highways, which is when the hydraulic cylinder guiding posts are lowered, and a working mode, when the hydraulic cylinder guiding posts are raised. There are two guiding posts on either side of the machine, with hydraulic cylinders inside of them. The guiding posts protect the hydraulic cylinders from external interference. The hydraulic cylinders are what is used to apply pressure to the car, with a crusher hood to spread the pressure evenly and crush the entirety of the car. A heavy-duty lowboy trailer is attached to the bottom of the mobile car crusher and can be transported only using a semi-trailer truck. Due to the increase in car production, scrap metal became high in demand, so the mobile car crusher was made to increase efficiency of gathering scrap metal. Lifespans of cars were also decreasing, so the number of cars being sent to large centralized car crushing facilities rose. Consequently, facilities needed to outsource to mobile car crushers so they could keep up with the increased volume of automobiles.
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Baling presses are used for the compaction of general scrap material, but are popularly used for automobile bodyshells. They generally consist of two hydraulically powered hinged "wings", which fold the vehicle in half, pressing it into a rectangular "log". Once the wings are fully closed, pusher plates, again powered by hydraulics, squeeze the log along its axis from one or both ends until a dense cube or "bale" is formed, which is then either ejected from a door at the end of the machine or removed by a crane. Some baling presses have a guillotine shear which chops the bale or log into smaller pieces. Baling presses, like mobile car crushers, can be mounted on a semi-trailer so that it can be transported between automobile recycling yards.
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See main articles: Hammermill and Automotive shredder residue
Shredders are normally the final stage of the destruction of a derelict automobile which pulverise it to fist-sized pieces - and come in two main forms - the first is essentially a scaled up version of a domestic paper shredder which employs two contrarotating rotors which turn continuously, shearing the vehicle and tearing it up into pieces. The other type are industrial shredding plants which are usually built on a very large scale - these employ a giant pair of rollers which flatten the hulk and feed it into the main hammermill. Shredders can either accept the vehicle hulk in its original uncrushed state directly, or the flattened or baled vehicles from primary crushing processes can also be fed into them.
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Car crushers have been popular in films as devices of murder or humour. They have appeared in such well known films as Goldfinger (destroying a Lincoln Continental with a body inside[3]), Cleopatra Jones, National Lampoon's Vacation,[4] I'll Never Forget What's'isname, Kick-Ass, Superman III,[5] Gone in 60 Seconds,[6] Pulp Fiction, Strul, Mickey One, and many others.
They have also appeared in several television shows including Mathnet's "The Case of the Great Car Robbery". Joe Howard's character, George Frankly hid in a to-be-stolen car, and the other characters thought he was still in the car after it was flattened by the crusher.
A car crusher was used to dispose of Walt and Jesse's RV containing a mobile meth lab in season three of Breaking Bad.
A car crusher appeared in the junkyard scene of the Kushner-Locke/Disney film The Brave Little Toaster.
A car crusher appeared in the San Francisco junkyard also Known as: Wrecking yard in the scene so when Sasha stops a junkyard car crusher from crushing the one Charlie is stuck in during the episode "Miss Guidance." All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series [clarification needed]
A car crusher also appears in the video games Grand Theft Auto 2 where it generates power-ups depending on car model and is also used in an assassination mission. It also appears in Grand Theft Auto III, Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories and Mafia II where the player can make money from stealing cars and taking them to the crusher.
A car crusher also featured in Need for Speed: The Run, where the protagonist is seen tied to the steering wheel of his Porsche 911 (997), which is in a junkyard and dropped into a crusher as a method of being killed by a criminal organization known as "The Mob". He is about to be crushed to death, but he manages to untie himself and escape the crusher. He sneaks out and steals an Audi RS4 in order to escape, but he is chased by multiple Porsche Cayennes in use by The Mob, from which he is able to escape.
A car crusher also appeared in the Drake music video of "Family Matters." As part of the Drake'Kendrick Lamar feud, the car crusher in the video is shown crushing a red van that matches the van on the cover artwork of Kendrick Lamar's album, Good Kid, M.A.A.D City.
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