At CloudNC, we have a range of state of the art 3-axis, 4-axis and 5-axis milling machines. As a designer, having an understanding of which type of machine your part will be manufactured on is critical in optimising your design. When designing a CNC machined part, you might not have thought about which type of machine your part will be machined on, but the complexity and type of geometry you can design will be different for different types of machines.
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The main difference between 3-axis, 4-axis and 5-axis machining is the complexity of the movement both the workpiece and the cutting tool can move through, relative to each other. The more complex the motion of the two parts, the more complex the geometry of the final machined part can be.
The most simple type of machining, where the workpiece is fixed in a single position. Movement of the spindle is available in the X, Y and Z linear directions.
3-axis machining
3-axis machines are typically used for machining of 2D and 2.5D geometry. Machining of all 6 sides of a part is possible in 3-axis machining but a new fixturing set-up is required for each side, which could be expensive (more on that below). For a single fixture setup, only one side of the part can be machined.
A unique setup is required for each side of a part
Many complex and practical shapes can be manufactured by 3-axis CNC milling, especially when in the hands of a world-class CNC machining facility. 3-axis machining is best suited to manufacture of planar milled profiles, drillings and threaded holes in-line with an axis. Undercut features are possible with the use of T-slot cutters and Dovetail milling cutters.
However, sometimes the designed feature physically cannot be manufactured by a 3-axis machine, or the feature might be more economically viable to machine with a 4 or 5-axis machine.
Features not possible in 3-axis milling include any features on an angle to the X-Y-Z co-ordinate system, even if the feature itself is planar. There are two types of angled features you can design, and understanding the distinction between them is important when designing parts for CNC milling.
ANGLED FEATURE
This is a feature machined on an angle to one of the X, Y or Z axes. For example, the planar milled surface below is at 45° to the X-axis e.g. a rotation of the A-axis.
Milled feature angled in a single plane at 45°
COMPOUND ANGLE FEATURE
This is a feature machined on an angle to two axes. For example the planar milled surface below is machined at a 45° angle to the X-axis, and a 30° angle to the Z axis.
Both angled and compound angle features cannot be machined by 3-axis CNC machines.
This adds a rotation about the X-axis, called the A-axis. The spindle has 3 linear axes of movement (X-Y-Z), like in 3-axis machining, plus the A-axis occurs by rotation of the workpiece. There are a few different arrangements for 4 axis machines, but typically they are of the ‘vertical machining’ type, where the spindle rotates about the Z axis. The workpiece is mounted in the X-axis and can rotate with the fixture in the A-axis. For a single fixture setup, 4 sides of the part can be machined.
4-axis machining can be used as a more economically viable way of machining parts theoretically possible on a 3-axis machine. As an example, for a part we recently machined we found that using a 3-axis machine would have required two unique fixtures at a cost of £ and £800 respectively. By utilising the A-axis capability of 4-axis machining, only one fixture was required at a cost of £. This also eliminated the need for fixture change-overs, reducing costs even further. Eliminating the risk of human error meant we machined the part to a high quality with no need for expensive Quality Assurance investigations. Removing the need to change fixtures has the additional benefit that tighter tolerances can be held between features on different sides of the part. Loss of accuracy due to fixturing and re-setup has been removed.
Complex profiles such as cam lobes can be machined on a 4-axis machine
There are two types of 4-axis CNC machining: indexing and continuous.
Index 4-axis CNC machining is when the 4th axis (A-axis) rotates whilst the machine is not cutting material. Once the correct rotation is selected, a brake is applied and the machine resumes cutting.
In continuous 4-axis machining, the machine can cut material at the same time as the A-axis rotation, simultaneously. This allows complex arcs to be machined, such as the profile of cam lobes, and helixes.
4-axis machining gives us the ability to machine angled features, otherwise not possible with a 3-axis machine. Bear in mind that 4-axis machining allows a single axis of rotation per fixture setup, so all angled features must be angled about the same axes, or additional fixtures put in place.
Helical machining possible with 4-axis machines
These CNC milling machines utilise 2 of the 3 possible rotation axis, depending on the type of machine. A machine will either utilise a rotation in the A-axis and C-axis, or a rotation in the B-axis and C-axis. The rotation either occurs by the workpiece, or by the spindle.
There are two main types of 5-axis CNC machines: 3+2 machines, and fully continuous 5-axis machines.
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In 3+2 axis machining two rotational axes operate independently to each other, meaning that the workpiece can be rotated to any compound angle in relation to the cutting tool for features to be machined. However, two axes rotation at the same time as machining is not possible. 3+2 machining can produce highly complex 3D shapes. Fully continuous 5-axis machining can simultaneously rotate the two rotation axis, at the same time as machining and the cutting tool moving linearly in XYZ co-ordinates.
5-axis machining
Continuous 5-axis machining can produce highly complex 3D shapes, not only planar compound angled features but complex curved 3D surfaces, giving us the ability to produce parts normally reserved for moulding processes.
5-axis machining gives designers a huge level of flexibility to design very complex 3D geometry. Understanding the possibilities of each type of CNC machining is essential in design of CNC machined parts. If your design needs the use of a 5-axis CNC, make the most of it! Which other features could benefit from the capabilities of 5-axis machining?
At CloudNC, we’re working on software to make machining simpler – automating large parts of the journey and helping people with less experience use CNC machines like an expert can. If you’d like to know more, why not check out our technology to view our CAM Assist solution, watch a video about where we think our solutions can take us, ur mission and vision, or take a look at our careers page!
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines are a common form of manufacturing prototypes and products. They enable the precise, automated production of a range of components, from simple to complex, across a variety of industries, from automotive to aerospace. The number of “axes” determines the complexity and speed of the machining operation.
The axes control the movement of the tool or workpiece (the blank that will become the part). In short, the more axes a machine has, the more complex and intricate the part it produces can be. Prototek’s machine shops in New Hampshire, Wisconsin, and California all maintain fleets of 3-, 4-, and 5-axis CNC machines, as well as 9-axis mill-turn machines.
This blog post will explore the differences among 3-axis, 4-axis, and 5-axis CNC machines, their strengths and limitations, and their likely applications.
The computer-controlled movements of CNC machines shape workpieces of various materials with exceptional accuracy. The basic components include:
The number of axes determines the machine’s ability to approach the workpiece from different angles. They directly impact the complexity of a part that the machine can produce.
3-axis CNC machines move the cutting tool along three linear axes: X (left-right), Y (front-back), and Z (up-down). The workpiece stays stationary while the tool moves to perform shaping operations such as milling, drilling, and tapping.
A 4-axis CNC machine includes an additional rotational axis, typically the A-axis, which rotates around X. And X, if you recall, was the left-right motion from the 3-Axis machine. Allowing the workpiece to rotate enables access to multiple sides without manually repositioning it.
A 5-axis CNC not only uses the X, Y, and Z linear axes, but two rotational axes as well. The rotational axes can be A and C or B and C. These additional axes allow the tool or workpiece to be oriented in virtually any direction, enabling the machining of most complex shapes in a single setup.
Key Takeaways: As the number of aces increases, so does the machine’s ability to produce complex parts in fewer setups, but it requires more expertise.
How do you choose which machining is suitable for your project?
The choice of 3-, 4-, or 5-axis machining depends on the complexity and geometry of your part. 3-axis machining is suitable for simple, flat, or cylindrical parts. 4-axis machining enables rotation of the part, enabling more complex features. 5-axis machining provides the highest level of flexibility and precision, enabling the production of intricate, multi-faceted components. Our experienced engineers can help you determine the best machining solution for your specific project requirements.
How to choose the right CNC machine shop for your project?
When choosing a CNC machine shop for your project, consider the following factors:
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What multi-axis machining services does Prototek offer?
Prototek offers a range of multi-axis machining services, including 3, 4, and 5-axis CNC milling and turning as well as 9-axis mill-turns. Our advanced machining capabilities allow us to produce complex geometries and tight tolerances, making us a trusted partner for your precision manufacturing needs.
The content on this blog post is for informational purposes only. Prototek does not make any declaration or guarantee, whether expressed or implied, regarding the information’s accuracy, completeness, or validity. Any performance parameters, geometric tolerances, specific design features, quality and types of materials, or processes should not be assumed to represent what will be delivered by third-party suppliers or us. It’s crucial to note that buyers seeking quotes for parts are responsible for defining the specific requirements for their project.
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