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Tricone rock bit
Well drilling is the process of drilling a hole in the ground for the extraction of a natural resource such as ground water, brine, natural gas, or petroleum, for the injection of a fluid from surface to a subsurface reservoir or for subsurface formations evaluation or monitoring. Drilling for the exploration of the nature of the material underground (for instance in search of metallic ore) is best described as borehole drilling.
PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Cutter) Drill Bit Early rotary drill bitsThe earliest wells were water wells, shallow pits dug by hand in regions where the water table approached the surface, usually with masonry or wooden walls lining the interior to prevent collapse. Modern drilling techniques utilize long drill shafts, producing holes much narrower and deeper than could be produced by digging.
Well drilling can be done either manually or mechanically and the nature of required equipment varies from extremely simple and cheap to very sophisticated.
Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) is defined by the International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC) as 'an adaptive drilling process used to more precisely control the annular pressure profile throughout the wellbore." The objectives of MPD are 'to ascertain the downhole pressure environment limits and to manage the annular hydraulic pressure profile accordingly."
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The earliest record of well drilling dates from 347 AD in China.[1] Petroleum was used in ancient China for "lighting, as a lubricant for cart axles and the bearings of water-powered drop hammers, as a source of carbon for inksticks, and as a medical remedy for sores on humans and mange in animals."[2] In ancient China, deep well drilling machines were in the forefront of brine well production by the 1st century BC. The ancient Chinese developed advanced sinking wells and were the first civilization to use a well-drilling machine and to use bamboo well casings to keep the holes open.[3][4]
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In the modern era, the first roller cone patent was for the rotary rock bit and was issued to American businessman and inventor Howard Hughes Sr. in . It consisted of two interlocking cones. American businessman Walter Benona Sharp worked very closely with Hughes in developing the rock bit. The success of this bit led to the founding of the Sharp-Hughes Tool Company. In two Hughes engineers, one of whom was Ralph Neuhaus, invented the tricone bit, which has three cones. The Hughes patent for the tricone bit lasted until , after which other companies made similar bits. However, Hughes still held 40% of the world's drill bit market in . The superior wear performance of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits gradually eroded the dominance of roller cone bits and early in this century PDC drill bit revenues overtook those of roller cone bits. The technology of both bit types has advanced significantly to provide improved durability and rate of penetration of the rock. This has been driven by the economics of the industry, and by the change from the empirical approach of Hughes in the s, to modern day domain Finite Element codes for both the hydraulic and cutter placement software.
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The factors affecting drill bit selection include the type of geology and the capabilities of the rig. Due to the high number of wells that have been drilled, information from an adjacent well is most often used to make the appropriate selection. Two different types of drill bits exist: fixed cutter and roller cone. A fixed cutter bit is one where there are no moving parts, but drilling occurs due to shearing, scraping or abrasion of the rock. Fixed cutter bits can be either polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) or grit hot-pressed inserts (GHI) or natural diamond. Roller cone bits can be either tungsten carbide inserts (TCI) for harder formations or milled tooth (MT) for softer rock. The manufacturing process and composites used in each type of drill bit make them ideal for specific drilling situations. Additional enhancements can be made to any bit to increase the effectiveness for almost any drilling situation.
A major factor in drill bit selection is the type of formation to be drilled. The effectiveness of a drill bit varies by formation type. There are three types of formations: soft, medium and hard. A soft formation includes unconsolidated sands, clays, soft limestones, red beds and shale. Medium formations include dolomites, limestones, and hard shale. Hard formations include hard shale, calcites, mudstones, cherty lime stones and hard and abrasive formations.
Until , market share was divided primarily among Hughes Christensen, Security-DBS (Halliburton Drill Bits and Services), Smith Bits (a subsidiary of Schlumberger), and ReedHycalog (acquired by National Oilwell Varco in ).
By , Ulterra (then a subsidiary of ESCO Corp.) and Varel International (a subsidiary of Swedish engineering group Sandvik) had together gained nearly 30% of the U.S. bit market and eroded the historical dominance of the Smith, Halliburton, and Baker Hughes. By , Schlumberger, which acquired Smith in ,[5] became dominant in international markets thanks to packaging drill bits with their other tools and services, while Ulterra (owned by private equity firms Blackstone Energy Partners and American Securities) continued a Stark growth trend, becoming the market share leader in drill bits in the US according to Spears Research [6] and Kimberlite Research.[7]
Tricone bit for well drilling (medium worn-out)
PDC bit for well drilling
Multiple Tricone Bits
Tricone Bit
Drill Bit
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Damaged Drill Bit, pieces missing on the left hand cone
Evaluation of the dull bit grading is done by a uniform system promoted by the International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC). See Society of Petroleum Engineers / IADC Papers SPE & . See also PDC Bits
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Confessions of a Well Driller'Part Four: When should I drill a well?
A well is a sustainable way to get fresh water directly from your property, but initial well drilling can be intensive work. Several factors play into deciding when the best time for water well drilling is, and it's important to keep these in mind, especially with new construction. Planning ahead will ensure you get the fastest results without any roadblocks in the process. People drill wells on their property for various reasons. Sometimes it's the only option available on a rural property. Some want to take advantage of the fact the majority of the earth's freshwater lives underground. Some families want to live as sustainably as possible or live off the grid, so a well on their property gives them freedom and autonomy. Whatever the reason, drilling a well requires research and preparation. Before you get started, there are probably questions you have about when the well should be drilled. This article is the third in our 'Confessions of a Well Driller' series, which aims to inform and educate Central Indiana well owners by utilizing our quarter-century of experience drilling and maintaining private water wells.
At what stage of construction should the water well be drilled?
Do you drill a well on an empty lot? Do you drill it in the middle of the house construction process? Or is it possible to wait until the house is complete before you start drilling? In some situations we might recommend that you get the well done as early as possible; however, it is possible to drill at almost any time during the process, if it's done properly. Ultimately, the ideal time for well drilling depends on a variety of factors, including whether you're building a structure from scratch or if there's an existing home or building on your property. If you're beginning your project with a bare plot of land, drilling a water well should be one of the first things you do. However, if you need to install a water well on a property with an existing structure, begin the well drilling process when you have no other construction projects going on'this will make it easier to drill the well and transport the extracted rocks and debris. The bottom line is, C&J Well Co. can drill your well for new construction or an existing property efficiently and professionally.
What time of year is best to drill a water well?
This is a great question'questions and uncertainty are normal parts of having a well drilled on your property. In fact, asking those questions is an important part of the process, so don't be afraid to ask! Let's look at some pros and cons of drilling a water well in each season.
Spring
Spring is usually the rainiest and wettest of the seasons, which can lead to a larger mess to clean up and weather delays. Also, because of the wet ground, the drill rig might become stuck in the mud if the drillers don't plan accordingly. This doesn't always happen, and there are great ways to get it unstuck, but just be aware that it's a possibility. Furthermore, because the ground is more saturated, the borehole can collapse before you can set the well casing. Again, this is very rare, but it is possible. However, Spring can be a good time to drill a well if you can get it done early and beat the summer construction rush.
Summer & Fall
This is the time when the water table is lowest. By doing this, we hit the water at its lowest point, thus usually ensuring that for the rest of the year the well never goes dry. A day's use may be concentrated into a period of one to two hours, often in different areas of the house at the same time (laundry, bathroom, and kitchen). The water supply system must be able to meet this type of peak demand. A conservative estimate is that a home will need about 150-300 gallons per day for two to four people to meet all these needs.
However, the construction industry is busiest during the Summer and Fall, which might lead to longer wait times. Also, because there is increased demand, there is increased usage of equipment. This increase can lead to downtime for repairs, maintenance, etc. A professional well drilling company should have the foresight to plan for these situations.
Winter
Spring, summer, and fall are notoriously busy for construction and environmental companies. While some processes have to wait for warmer weather, drilling a well isn't one of them. Many homeowners assume that well drilling during the winter is more difficult because the ground is frozen. However, winter is the ideal season in which to complete this project. Due to the cold, hardened ground, there's much less mud and damage to your yard from tire tracks left by the drilling rig. Since well-drilling companies are busiest in the spring and summer, winter also means shorter wait times for property owners.
Also, some companies take the winter off and spend time in warmer climates. This can cause delays and unwanted frustration'especially if you are having a replacement well drilled for your home's acute water needs.
When all is said and done, the entire water well installation process takes about one or two weeks. This is usually quite surprising to those looking to drill a well. You can go from untouched earth to a fully functioning water well in no time! The bottom line is, C&J Well Co can drill your private water well in any season. We have the resources and experience to ensure your project goes as smoothly as possible. We have the skills and expertise needed to help with your well drilling needs. To learn more about well drilling or what our services can do for you, contact us today.
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