A drilling rig is a piece of construction equipment used to drill holes in the earth's surface. They can vary greatly in size: they can be huge structures or light enough to be moved manually by one person. Drills can take samples from deposits and test the physical properties of rock, soil, and groundwater. They can also be used for underground installations: tunnels, shafts, or pipelines.
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Many jobs require drilling, for example
Drilling: whether to access groundwater or oil.
Geothermal drilling: to obtain and extract heat from the earth.
Piling to support buildings on unstable ground: up to 2,000 mm in diameter and up to 70 m deep.
Truck Water Well Drilling Rig
Mini-pile drilling, especially for the reinforcement of existing structures: between 150 and 200 mm in diameter and up to 30 m deep.
Quarry blast drilling.
The continuous auger holds the borehole wall by means of auger-driven chips.
The drilling is usually carried out vertically, but can also be horizontal or directional, for example for placing anchors.
You may need a drilling rig for a variety of applications, such as drilling wells to access natural resources (water, oil, geothermal energy, etc.), building foundations, drilling holes in mines, taking samples from the surface, etc. It is necessary to determine what the drilling rig will be used for and what kind of terrain it will mainly operate on. Depending on the terrain you can choose between different types of drilling rigs: rotary drilling rigs, percussion drilling rigs, submersible drilling rigs, top hammer drilling rigs (with high hammers), etc.
Crawler Water Well Drilling Rig
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To make the best choice, it is important to determine whether the rig will be used for your core business or for occasional operations, and in particular whether you want to take advantage of the latest innovations or whether a machine that has proven its performance for decades might be worthwhile for you. Safety, reliability, and ease of use are also important factors to consider and are directly related to each other. Using a machine that is reliable and easy to operate according to the manufacturer's recommendations increases user safety.
It is also important to define the type of movement you need. There are automatic crawler rigs and truck-mounted or trailer-mounted rigs, which need to be powered by a generator or the truck carrying them. Once you have defined the type of machine you need, you can calculate the required dimensions based on the diameter and depth of the borehole.
There are two main types of drilling rig: self-crawling and truck or trailer mounted. If it needs to move at low speed over uneven areas or very loose ground, you will need to choose a tracked crawler water well drilling rig. The stability of a drilling rig depends on the surface area of the tracks. Therefore, the wider the track, the more stable the rig will be. However, wider tracks will wear out and damage the ground more quickly when moving, especially when turning.
Crawler water well drilling rigs can travel at a speed of around 4 km/h. They are therefore better suited to jobs that require little travel.
Truck- or trailer-mounted water well drilling rigs are not autonomous in terms of movement or their energy source, which may come from a transport truck or a separate generator. However, they are much cheaper than tracked rigs.
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Rotary drilling
Soft rock Significant depths up to 5,000 metersCore drilling
All soil types Drilling for soil analysis
Rotary drilling: This type of drilling digs a hole by grinding the rock with a tool under the effect of weight and rotation. It is mainly used in oil production. The cuttings are brought to the surface under the pressure of a drilling fluid that is injected into the drill string. Drilling fluid also helps consolidate the walls of the borehole, so it is not necessary to case it as the operation progresses.
Down-the-hole drilling (rotary percussion drilling or rotary hammer drilling): this type of drilling uses drilling rigs that drill with a rotary cutter (drill head) and hammer the bottom of the hole with a pneumatic hammer. The excavated material rises to the surface under the pressure of the compressed air used for the hammer. These drilling rigs are powerful and have high drilling rates, especially in rock. For artesian wells (wells where water naturally rises to the surface under groundwater pressure) or geothermal drilling, an air injection at the end of the drill pipe pushes the water up the borehole, allowing the operator to immediately determine the water flow encountered. This type of drilling is used for hard and cracked ground up to 4,000 meters deep. When the drilling bit is eccentric, the drilling can be done with a casing advancement system (installation of tubes by gravity) which reinforces the hole as the drilling progresses.
Top hammer drilling: this type of drilling uses drilling rigs that also operate on a percussion system, but one that remains outside the borehole. They are mainly used for small diameter drilling, for example for mineral exploration or the installation of tie rods in rock. This system is used for shallow boreholes, as there can be significant deviation due to the structure of the ground drilled through. These drilling rigs can operate in any direction however.
Auger boring: This is a type of rotary drilling using a worm screw (the auger). This type of drilling is mainly used for unconsolidated clay or sand terrain. The excavated material is directly brought to the surface by the worm screw. For deep drilling, it may be necessary to regularly raise the auger to empty it of its excavated material.
Core drilling: Core drilling is similar to rotary drilling, but it uses a crown to extract a sample, called a core, inside the tool.
Percussion drilling: consists in breaking the rock by dropping a tool, the drill bit, by gravity. This type of drilling can only be used vertically. To prevent the borehole from collapsing, it is necessary to case it as it is drilled. The cuttings are reassembled as soon as they interfere with drilling by replacing the drill bit with a flap valve bailer. The flap valve bailer is a type of tube equipped with a tilting flap in the lower part. This tilting flap allows the tube to be filled with excavated material which is then transported to the surface.
Pipe jacking: is mainly used to install horizontal pipes. The tube is pushed progressively by percussion, the excavated material being removed at the end of the drilling operation either by water injection or with an auger. This technique is used in particular to avoid transmitting vibrations to the surrounding buildings or to avoid digging a trench.
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